Testing is the only option if you want to determine whether or not one or both of them has failed.
Electric hot water heater thermostat.
Gas water heater thermostat replacement.
Usually when the upper thermostat goes bad you will have no hot water at all while a bad lower thermostat makes itself known when there is only a small amount of hot water before the tap water goes cold.
Most electric hot water tanks have two elements and two thermostats.
You can test them with the power off using an ohmmeter to measure resistance or with the power on using a voltmeter to measure voltage.
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On most gas water heaters the gas control valve which includes both a thermostat and a heat limiting device are located on the outside of the unit near the bottom.
An electric water heater thermostat tells the heating elements when to heat up.
The top element heats the water first and then the bottom element kicks in.
The elements do not heat up at the same time.
If the thermostats are okay you need to test the water heater elements.
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Gas water heaters use a different type of thermostat system.
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How electric water heater thermostats work.
It can be identified as the component with the controls for temperature and.
If the hot water heater is not working one of the thermostats may be bad.